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Low-E Glass

The simple explanation:

Window glass was revolutionized in the 1970's. Insulated glass (two or more pieces of glass with a dead air space between) made its debut in the early 70s. Low E glass was introduced in 1979. The E stands for emissivity. Low E glass works by reflecting heat back to its source. It does this by utilizing an ultra thin metallic coating on or in the glass.

Among other things, sunlight contains visible light, UV light, and infrared (IR) light. Visible light enables us to see things. Ultraviolet light damages your skin, wood, fabrics, and causes colors to fade.

Infrared light is basically heat. Low E glass has the ability to allow visible light to pass while blocking certain amounts of UV light and IR light.

The infrared light in sunlight is powerful. When it strikes an object it heats it up. These objects can be your tile floors, furniture, sidewalks, patio furniture, etc. As these objects cool off, they emit a low powered form of IR light. Low E glass reflects this form of energy. In the summer this helps to keep your house cooler, as the heat from objects outside is kept outside. In the winter, all objects in your home are heated (by either the sun or your furnace). This heat is also bounced back into your house by the low E glass.

There are two types of low E glass: hard coat and soft coat. Tin is applied directly to the molten glass to make hard coat low E glass. It is hard to scratch the tin off the glass. The soft coat process commonly involves the application of a thin layer of silver while the glass is in a vacuum. This coating is delicate. Soft coat low E glass is always sandwiched with another piece of glass. It can also oxidize if exposed to air. Argon gas is sometimes used to prevent this oxidation. This gas also acts as an additional insulator.

Low E glass helps to reduce condensation on glass. The inside surface temperature of the glass is warmer. The differences can be dramatic. Imagine a cold night with an outside temperature of 0 degrees and a 15 mph wind. The inside temperature of a single pane window would be approximately 26 degrees. Regular double pane glass might register 35 degrees. Hard coat low E glass would be very near 49 degrees. And weighing in at champ would be soft coat low E glass at 62 degrees.

Some glass manufacturers have gone even farther. They have suspended thin, low E transparent films in between pieces of glass. This system has excellent performance characteristics. Some of these films can block 99.5 percent of UV light. Some boast an insulating value twice that of soft coat low E glass.

(Article originally published on "Ask the Builder" by Tim Carter  www.askthebuilder.com)

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The technical explanation:

Lets look at some films tested at the iso9050 2003, NFRC 300 2003, and prEN 410 standard.

look at a film like VK-70. at 1000nm it passes less than 10%, tapers to less than 2% at 1200nm and stays below that up to 2500nm. yeah.. it is really rejecting heat is the form of IR. True that is still transmits 73% of the Visible light and less than 1% UV. Putting the true heat rejection (only Film, no glass subtractions) at >54%.

Lets look at Panaroma Sterling 70 . At 1000nm, it is transmitting over 60%, tapering to over 25% at 2500nm. Still alowing over 70 Visible light transmission.

Now lets look at Solar Gard Stainless Steel 30. At 1000nm it transmits about 38% and dips steady at 28% to 2500nm. It gains a fair amount of heat reduction by reducing the Visible light to 30%. TSER of 53%.

The trick to impressing people is to use only a red IR lamp to show the film performance. If you took out the red lamp and put in a white IR ulb, you would see a closer real life comparison of the films.

I'm not saying that a conventional film doesn't work, I'm just saying that a tinted metalized film blocks a different portion of the "heat gain". If you really wanted to get into it, we could look at the amount of heat gained in the winter by a Spectrally selective film through visble light, then add the insulative value for interior IR reflection and come to roughly 35% winter heat gain. (We would have to look beyond conduction and convection of the glass surface and air currents) Who cares about that.

What does it look like, does it do what I want it to do? Do I want to do business with you?

I've sold against V-Kool, Huper and Vista Spectra Select left and right. Some poeple like the reflection, some people like no reflection, some people want clear, some people want tinted, some people want the cheapest fillm they can get, some people want only the best. Every film has it's pro's and cons.

One problem that the film industry faces is truth in numbers. Every manufacturer publishes numbers that boast their films and omit numbers hurt them.. V-Kool and Huper are going to push IR. Metalized films will push TSER. Low E Films will push U Value. Most companies do not publish SHGC. Most people get sold on the R and U values of windows. Most films don't even have these measurements because to get a good R and U value requires a reduction of conduction, not radiation. Films block RADIATION. Not to mention the building codes rarely even compensate for the performance increases that a film provides when considering glazing requirements.

There are several standards that do measure IR. ISO 9050:2003, NFRC 300 2003, or prEN 410. These may not be the adopted standard, but they do mesure IR in the total calculation.

From ISO:

ISO 9050:2003 specifies methods of determining light and energy transmittance of solar radiation for glazing in buildings. These characteristic data can serve as a basis for light, heating and ventilation calculations of rooms and can permit comparison between different types of glazing.

ISO 9050:2003 is applicable both to conventional glazing units and to absorbing or reflecting solar-control glazing, used as glazed apertures. The appropriate formulae for single, double and triple glazing are given. Furthermore, the general calculation procedures for units consisting of more than components are established.

ISO 9050:2003 is applicable to all transparent materials. One exception is the treatment of the secondary heat transfer factor and the total solar energy factor for those materials that show significant transmittance in the wavelength region of ambient temperature radiation (5 microns to 50 microns), such as certain plastic sheets.

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